ABSTRACT
Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS) is a very rare urogenital abnormality, which is characterized by Mullerian duct anomaly with associated mesonephric duct anomaly. This syndrome is also known as OHVIRA (Obstructed hemivagina with Ipsilateral Renal Anomaly). The incidence of Mullerian Duct Anomaly is 2-3%, and incidence of OHVIRA is 0.16 to 10% of that. The three important components of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich (HWW) syndrome are didelphys uterus, obstructed hemivagina and renal agenesis on the same side. Typically presents with pelvic pain in young females after menarche. Presentation in the reproductive age group is unusual. The most common renal anomaly associated with this condition is renal agenesis. Other renal anomalies include renal dysplasia, duplication of kidneys and ureters, crossed fused ectopia and ectopic ureter. Ultrasound and Magnetic resonance imaging are considered as the vital modalities for detection. MRI is the gold standard modality for assessing the anatomical characteristics of the uterus, cervix, and vagina. Early diagnosis helps to prevent complications such as endometriosis, pyocolpos, adhesions, infertility. The unique feature of our case is a presentation in the reproductive age group. Only very few case reports of OHVIRA with a presentation in the reproductive age group are available in the literature. Whenever there is a renal anomaly or renal agenesis, screening of pelvic organs is important in a female child for early detection of Mullerian duct anomalies and prevention of further complications.
ABSTRACT
Background: Tuberculosis is a leading infectious killer disease worldwide. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment on the part of the health care providers is essential for TB control. Their knowledge, attitude and practice have an impact on the tuberculosis patients regarding compliance to treatment and follow up. There are limited studies in India assessing the knowledge of nursing professionals regarding TB transmission, prevention and control. This study seeks to assess the same. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at SRM Medical College and Research Centre, Potheri, Kanchipuram district. A pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was given to 224 nursing staff. The responses were then analyzed. Results: A high proportion (71.80%) of awareness was found regarding the causation of TB by bacterium, air-borne method of spread and over-crowding being a significant risk factor. A lesser proportion of the participants were aware that TB does not spread by breast feeding (54.9%) or hand shaking (33%) and that ATT should be continued during pregnancy. Levels of knowledge on the preventable nature of TB infection (56%) and the availability of ATT were also found to be low. Conclusions: This study indicates the need for addressing the gaps regarding the knowledge and transmission of TB among the nursing care professionals. Nursing professionals still are in need of continuing educational programs regarding treatment and control of TB. Improved knowledge on TB will thus contribute to effective TB control and in the long term, will help India achieve the goal of End TB.